The Gut Bacterium That Worked Better Dead: Akkermansia's 29% Edge
In the first human trial of Akkermansia muciniphila, the pasteurized (heat-killed) version, not the live one, produced the headline results. Insulin sensitivity rose 28.62% and fasting insulin fell 34.08% versus placebo in overweight, insulin-resistant adults. The weight and fat changes everyone hopes for did not reach statistical significance, and several authors hold patents and co-founded a company selling the bacterium. Here is what the study found, what it can't tell you, and what to check before buying a supplement.
MOTS-c Explained: The 16-Amino-Acid Mitochondrial Peptide That Activated AMPK and Shielded Mice From Diet-Induced Obesity
A tiny 16-amino-acid peptide encoded in mitochondrial DNA, not the nucleus, activated AMPK in muscle and protected mice from diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance in a 2015 Cell Metabolism study. MOTS-c is now one of the most talked-about names in peptide and biohacking circles. But this was a mouse and molecular-discovery paper with no human outcome data, and MOTS-c is not an approved therapy. This article explains what MOTS-c is, how it appears to work through the folate cycle and AMPK, what the mice showed, and what readers should and should not conclude.