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Longevity

蘑菇“长寿维生素”通过 H₂S 通路提升老龄大鼠的 NAD+

Helix Ward · · 1 min read

如果你一直在补 NMN 或 NR 来守护 NAD+ 水平,那么一种蘑菇化合物可能会抢走你的风头。

一篇发表在 Cell Metabolism 的新论文报告称 ergothioneine(ET) 能提升老龄大鼠的肌肉 NAD+ 并改善跑步机耐力。该效应是通过一种此前尚未被描绘的氢硫化物(H₂S)通路实现的。需要特别指出,这是一项 动物及体外实验,并非人类临床试验,全文都在强调这一点。

什么是 ergothioneine,为什么被称作“长寿维生素”?

ergothioneine(ET)是一种含硫的氨基酸衍生物(硫代胺),人体无法自行合成,只能通过饮食摄入,而 蘑菇是目前已知最丰富的食物来源。我们体内有专门的转运蛋白负责摄取它,这也是为何一些研究者把它昵称为“长寿维生素”。进化不会为一种毫无功能的分子专门开设通道。

该化合物长期被研究为抗氧化剂和细胞保护剂。此次来自 Milos Filipovic 小组并与 Michael Murphy 合作的最新工作表明,ET 还能充当 信号杠杆,这正是生物黑客们值得关注的点。

秀丽隐杆线虫实验:更长寿、更好动

研究者首先在 C. elegans(秀丽隐杆线虫)上做实验——这是一种老龄研究中常用的模型生物。ET 能延长线虫的寿命并提升老龄线虫的运动能力,处理过的线虫还表现出更强的抗压能力和更少的老化标志物。

线虫寿命的延长常被视为第一步,但其结果并不一定直接映射到哺乳动物。这里的线虫实验主要是为后续的大鼠研究提供依据。

老龄大鼠实验:耐力、肌肉与 NAD+

在约四周的时间里,研究团队让老龄大鼠通过饮水摄入 ET,随后观察到以下变化:

  • 运动耐力提升:大鼠在跑步机上跑得更久、更远;
  • 肌肉质量略有增加;
  • 肌肉血管化增强,即血管网络更加丰富;
  • 肌肉 NAD+ 水平升高。

NAD+ 随年龄下降,是线粒体功能的核心分子。其在肌肉组织中的回升与耐力提升相吻合。论文将此现象与衰老相关的肌少症联系起来,暗示潜在的临床意义。

隐蔽的开关,用通俗的话说

机制是本文的亮点。作者将其概括为四步链条:

  1. CSE 获得新底物。半胱氨酸γ‑裂解酶(CSE)通常生成氢硫化物(H₂S),而 ET 可作为 替代底物,提升 H₂S 的合成;
  2. H₂S 对蛋白进行标记。H₂S 诱导 硫化修饰(persulfidation),即在半胱氨酸残基上添加一个硫原子,改变蛋白功能。研究发现超过 300 种蛋白被硫化修饰;
  3. cGPDH 被激活。其中一个被修饰的目标是细胞质甘油‑3‑磷酸脱氢酶(cGPDH),该酶帮助将 NADH 再生为 NAD+;
  4. NAD+ 上升。作者认为 cGPDH 的激活是 ET 引起 NAD+ 增加的主要贡献者。

关键证据来自基因敲除实验。当缺失 CSE 或 cGPDH 时,ET 的所有益处全部消失,说明该通路是必需的而非偶然。

与 NMN、NR 的比较

NMN 与 NR 属于 前体,它们为 NAD+ 的回收通路提供原材料,本质上是给细胞更多的“砖块”。

本研究描述的是另一种方式:ET 通过 氧化还原信号 激活一个帮助 NAD+ 循环的酶,而不是直接提供底物。理论上,两种策略可以互补,但目前尚未有直接的比较实验。文中也没有任何 NMN 或 NR 的对照组,因此说 ET 更好、或更差、或有协同作用都只能是猜测。

对好奇者的实用建议

  • 食物来源:蘑菇居首位,常见的高含量品种包括平菇、皇菇、香菇、牛肝菌等。少量的 ET 也存在于某些豆类、燕麦麸和动物内脏中。烹调对 ET 的破坏并不明显。
  • 补剂剂量:市面上商业化的 ET 产品一般提供 每日 5‑25 mg。已有的人体研究也大多使用这个剂量区间。
  • 大鼠剂量远高于常规:据 Ergo‑Log 的报道,这项大鼠实验折算成人体相当于 每日约 200‑260 mg,是常规补剂的约十倍。该剂量的安全性与有效性尚未在人体中得到验证。目前的研究并未表明普通的 5‑25 mg 胶囊能够提升人类肌肉中的 NAD+。

明显的局限:仅限动物,尚无人体证据

对任何将此结果视为已在人类身上成立的说法都应保持怀疑:

  • 无人体数据:这是一项在蠕虫、老鼠以及细胞体系中的前临床研究;
  • 剂量不匹配:有效的鼠剂量折算成人体后远高于常规补剂剂量;
  • 实验时间短:长期效应、高剂量安全性以及对哺乳动物寿命的影响均未在本研究中涉及;
  • 肌肉 NAD+ 不是临床终点:大鼠组织 NAD+ 上升和跑步机耐力提升仅是鼓舞性的信号,不能直接等同于人类的健康老化;
  • 机制不等于疗效:即便通路优雅,也只能作为进一步临床试验的依据,而非替代试验本身。

结论

这篇论文为 ergothioneine 注入了此前缺失的“可验证机制”,即通过 CSE、H₂S、硫化修饰以及 cGPDH 将膳食蘑菇化合物与 NAD+ 连接起来。这是超越“它是抗氧化剂” 的实质性进展。就普通营养而言,多吃蘑菇风险低、潜在收益大。至于 ergothioneine 能否成为经证实的 NAD+ 或抗肌少症干预手段,还需等待尚未开展的人体临床试验。

Original study

Read the original research on pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov →

This article summarizes published research for general information. It is not medical advice.

HW

Written by

Helix Ward

Helix Ward writes for Biocracked: biohacking science, longevity & human performance.

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