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烟酰胺核苷令 NAD+ 翻倍,却未改善记忆

Nova Chen · · 1 min read

表面数据看似亮眼,记忆表现却无起色

想象有一种补充剂正好兑现了包装上的承诺:让细胞运转的关键分子水平翻倍。随后我们检验它是否真的帮助了人们的初衷——结果却是记忆没有任何改善。

这正是最近一项针对**烟酰胺核苷(NR)**在记忆减退性轻度认知障碍(aMCI)老年人中的二期试验(Martens 等,2026)所发现的情形。血液中的 NAD+ 确实翻了两倍,但认知功能并未出现提升。

研究设计概览

研究团队开展了为期 12 周、双盲、随机、安慰剂对照的先导性试验,旨在评估 NR(NAD+ 前体)能否改善 aMCI 患者的认知功能和大脑血流(CBF)。aMCI 以记忆受损为主,是发展为阿尔茨海默症的高危状态。

其背后的逻辑相当流行:NAD+ 在细胞能量代谢中居核心位置,文献指出 NAD+ 下降可能增加阿尔茨海默症风险。若能恢复 NAD+,理论上或能保护老化的大脑。

本次共有 42 名受试者完成试验:NR 组 22 人,安慰剂组 20 人。

主要结果一目了然

  • 血液 NAD+: NR 组约提升两倍,生化指标符合预期。
  • 认知功能(主要终点): 没有显著改善。
  • 整体大脑血流(次要终点): 未见变化。
  • 血压(次要终点): 未见变化。
  • 安全性与依从性: 两组依从性相似,未出现严重不良事件。

作者的结论很直接:NR 能显著提升 MCI 患者的 NAD+,但在 12 周内未改善认知、整体脑血流或血压。

海马区血流的提示(需谨慎解读)

在探索性分析中,研究者观察到海马区血流可能有所增加。海马是记忆的关键结构,也是阿尔茨海默症最早受累的部位。

然而,这并不构成“胜利”。探索性分析本质上是生成假设的工具,而非预设的主要终点;在样本量有限的情况下,此类信号极易出现偶然性。作者仅指出未来的研究应在更长的治疗期间检验区域性 CBF 的变化。这是继续探索的理由,而不是立刻购买的依据。

为什么提升 NAD+ 并不等同于“大脑救星”

该试验提醒我们:生物标志物的变化不等同于临床疗效。血液 NAD+ 翻倍说明化合物已被吸收并代谢,但并不意味着大脑内 NAD+ 达到有意义的水平,也不证明 NAD+ 低下是受试者认知下降的唯一瓶颈。

轻度认知障碍的发生涉及多种交叉机制——蛋白沉积、血管改变、炎症等。单一的代谢前体在短短 12 周内可能不足以扭转这些复杂过程。

研究的局限性

在对这项研究进行解读前,需要明确它能告诉我们什么、不能告诉我们什么:

  • 先导性试验:仅有 42 名完成者,设计旨在评估安全性、耐受性及初步疗效,尚不足以得出确定性结论。
  • 时长偏短:12 周对 aMCI 这种进展缓慢的疾病而言可能过短,长期随访或许能捕捉到迟发效应。
  • 特定人群:结果仅适用于有 aMCI 的老年人,不能直接推及健康成年人、年轻人或其他疾病人群。
  • 探索性发现需验证:海马血流的信号必须在更大样本中重复。
  • 阴性结果不等于没有效应:小样本可能漏掉轻微益处,但主要终点完全缺乏信号,这一点值得重视。

对潜在买家的实用建议

NR 能做什么:在本试验中,NR 稳定提升血液 NAD+,且耐受性良好,无严重不良反应。

本研究未证实的:NR 在 12 周内未提升 aMCI 患者的记忆、整体脑血流或血压。

剂量与服用时间:摘要未列明具体剂量,且研究并未针对服用时间进行设计。市售 NR 产品剂量差异较大,现有数据不足以支持任何特定剂量或服用时机能够带来认知收益。

适用人群(或不适用人群):若你或家人有记忆担忧,该研究并未提供将 NR 作为医学评估、已证实的生活方式干预或批准治疗的依据。任何有 MCI 或正在服药的人在开始补充剂前应先咨询医生。

营销红旗:对任何以“提升 NAD+ 即等同于提升大脑功能”为卖点的产品保持怀疑。该试验已经表明,两者是独立的声明。

总结

NR 在生化层面通过了测试,却在记忆层面失利——至少在这项针对 aMCI 小样本、为期 12 周的试验中是如此。海马血流的提示为更大、更长期的研究留有余地。当前的诚实信息是:NAD+ 提升剂可以升高 NAD+,但其是否能转化为更好的大脑功能仍缺乏有力证据。

来源:Martens 等人. A phase‑II randomized controlled pilot study of nicotinamide riboside supplementation in older adults with amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Alzheimers Dement. 2026. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/alz.71605 | PMID: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/42478598/

Original study

Read the original research on pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov →

This article summarizes published research for general information. It is not medical advice.

NC

Written by

Nova Chen

Nova Chen writes for Biocracked: biohacking science, longevity & human performance.

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