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Longevity

每日 2 克 DHA 能进入 APOEε4 携带者大脑,但记忆并未提升

Dr. Synapse · · 1 min read

研究概述

一项为期两年的随机、双盲、安慰剂对照试验让 55‑80 岁的老年人每日摄入 2 克 DHA。结果显示,虽然脑脊液中的关键指标发生了变化,但却没有带来大脑体积或认知测试成绩的提升。该研究发表于 EBioMedicine,由 Yassine 等人完成,分别在携带和不携带 APOEε4 等位基因的人群中检验了这一假设,是 omega‑3 领域为数不多的清晰现实检验之一。

研究人员检验了什么

DHA(即二十二碳六烯酸)是脑组织中丰度最高的 ω‑3 脂肪酸。APOEε4 等位基因携带者患阿尔茨海默症的风险更高,且其 omega‑3 代谢往往异常。因此,假设通过大剂量 DHA 补充能够为这类人群带来认知益处是合理的。

本试验为 IIa 期、随机、双盲、安慰剂对照(登记号 NCT03613844),于 2018 年 9 月至 2024 年 5 月在南加州大学开展。入选标准包括:

  • 年龄 55‑80 岁,未诊断痴呆;
  • 膳食 DHA 摄入低于 200 mg/天;
  • 至少具备一项痴呆风险因素。

共随机分配了 365 名参与者(从 739 名筛查者中挑选),平均年龄 66.4 岁,女性占 58%,西班牙裔占 39%,其中 47%(173 人)为 APOEε4 携带者。参与者先根据是否同意进行腰椎穿刺(获取脑脊液)分组;在每组内部再按 1:1 随机分配至 每日 2 克 DHA 组或安慰剂组,并按 APOEε4 状态分层。

DHA 实际到达大脑的量

主要结局指标为 6 个月时脑脊液中 DHA 与花生四烯酸(AA)比例的变化。脑脊液是评估中枢神经系统状态的重要窗口,该比例用于判断补充剂是否能够跨越血脑屏障并在可检测水平上发挥作用。

  • DHA 组: 比例上升 0.17(95% CI 0.15‑0.18)
  • 安慰剂组: 比例变化 -0.02(95% CI -0.04 至 -0.0004)
  • 差值: 0.19(95% CI 0.16‑0.21),p < 0.0001

作者称这体现了中枢神经系统的靶向结合:补充剂在生化层面完成了预期任务。

转折:APOEε4 并未调节效果

如果预期 APOEε4 携带者的反应会与非携带者不同,实际数据却显示二者无显著差异。脑脊液 DHA/AA 比例的提升 与 APOEε4 状态无关(交互作用 p = 0.71),说明在本试验中基因变体并未阻碍 DHA 进入中枢神经系统。

有哪些改变,哪些没有改变

出现改变的: 6 个月时脑脊液 DHA/AA 比例的提升。

未出现改变的: 24 个月内的大脑体积和认知测试表现。论文报告在这些次要及探索性神经影像和认知指标上未见治疗差异。

作者的解读直截了当:虽实现了生化靶向结合,但未转化为认知或结构层面的收益。于是他们建议未来研究应聚焦 大脑 DHA 代谢,而非继续进行大剂量补充的临床试验。

值得注意的事项

  • 脱落率为 38%,主要因 COVID‑19,这被作者列为 24 个月数据的局限。
  • 本研究为 IIa 期试验。 其首要目标是验证靶向结合,认知和影像是次要或探索性指标。
  • 研究人群为非痴呆且 DHA 摄入基线低的成年人。 结果不适用于已经患有痴呆或膳食中鱼类摄入充足的人群。
  • 安全性良好。 两组不良事件发生率相当,未出现与治疗相关的严重不良事件。

实际建议

  • 使用剂量: 每日 2 克 DHA(对照为安慰剂)。本试验仅评估了该剂量,无法说明更低或更高剂量的效应。
  • 服用时机: 摘要未说明具体服药时间或是否随餐。数据表明脑脊液指标在 6 个月即出现变化,但认知和影像随访至 24 个月仍未见差异。
  • 适用人群: 年龄 55‑80 岁、无痴呆、膳食 DHA 摄入低于 200 mg/天且至少有一项痴呆风险因素的成年人,无论是否携带 APOEε4。
  • 对于期待高剂量 DHA 能保护记忆或大脑容积的人群:本试验在两年内未发现此类效果。
  • 对于已经摄入足够 DHA 的人群:本研究仅招募低摄入者,无法提供相应证据。
  • 对于已患痴呆的患者:本研究未涉及此类人群。
  • 对于正在服用抗凝药或有其他重大疾病的个体:在开始高剂量 omega‑3 前应咨询医生,论文未涉及这些情形。

结论

每日 2 克 DHA 能进入中枢神经系统,即使在 APOEε4 携带者中亦如此。但在本试验中,这一生化达标并未转化为认知提升或脑结构保护。接下来需要探讨的是 DHA 抵达大脑后究竟被如何利用以及是否有更适合的剂量或人群。

来源:Yassine 等人,"CNS target engagement of high-dose DHA supplementation in older adults at risk for dementia: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial," EBioMedicine. DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2026.106316. PubMed 42315445. 资助机构:美国国立老龄研究所 (R01AG057684) 与 ADDF (GC-201711-2014197)。本文仅供信息参考,非医学建议。

Original study

Read the original research on pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov →

This article summarizes published research for general information. It is not medical advice.

DS

Written by

Dr. Synapse

Dr. Synapse writes for Biocracked: biohacking science, longevity & human performance.

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