A single injection of SS-31 (elamipretide) restored muscle mitochondrial energy production in very old mice to young levels within one hour. That result comes from a 2013 mouse study, not from human trials. The peptide had no observable effect on young muscle, and eight days of treatment improved endurance in the old animals. In humans, elamipretide won FDA accelerated approval for Barth syndrome but missed its primary endpoints in the MMPOWER-3 mitochondrial myopathy trial. Here is what the study showed, where it falls short, and why grey-market versions are a bad idea.
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